Table of Contents
The examples in this section make extensive use of a toy graph distributed with JanusGraph called The Graph of the Gods. This graph is diagrammed below. The abstract data model is known as a Property Graph Model and this particular instance describes the relationships between the beings and places of the Roman pantheon. Moreover, special text and symbol modifiers in the diagram (e.g. bold, underline, etc.) denote different schematics/typings in the graph.
| visual symbol | meaning |
|---|---|
bold key | a graph indexed key |
bold key with star | a graph indexed key that must have a unique value |
underlined key | a vertex-centric indexed key |
hollow-head edge | a functional/unique edge (no duplicates) |
tail-crossed edge | a unidirectional edge (can only traverse in one direction) |
JanusGraph can be downloaded from the Releases section of the project repository. Once retrieved and unpacked, a Gremlin Console can be opened. The Gremlin Console is a REPL (i.e. interactive shell) that is distributed with JanusGraph and only differs from the standard Gremlin Console insofar that JanusGraph is a pre-installed and pre-loaded package. Alternatively, a user may choose to install and activate JanusGraph in an existing Gremlin Console by downloading the JanusGraph package from the central repository. In the example below, janusgraph.zip is used, however, be sure to unzip the zip-file that was downloaded.
![[Important]](images/icons/important.png){kind=icon} | Important |
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JanusGraph requires Java 8 (Standard Edition). Oracle Java 8 is recommended. JanusGraph’s shell scripts expect that the |
$ unzip janusgraph-0.3.0-hadoop2.zip Archive: janusgraph-0.3.0-hadoop2.zip creating: janusgraph-0.3.0-hadoop2/ ... $ cd janusgraph-0.3.0-hadoop2 $ bin/gremlin.sh \,,,/ (o o) -----oOOo-(3)-oOOo----- 09:12:24 INFO org.apache.tinkerpop.gremlin.hadoop.structure.HadoopGraph - HADOOP_GREMLIN_LIBS is set to: /usr/local/janusgraph/lib plugin activated: tinkerpop.hadoop plugin activated: janusgraph.imports gremlin>
The Gremlin Console interprets commands using Apache Groovy. Groovy is a superset of Java that has various shorthand notations that make interactive programming easier. Likewise Gremlin-Groovy is a superset of Groovy with various shorthand notations that make graph traversals easy. The basic examples below demonstrate handling numbers, strings, and maps. The remainder of the tutorial will discuss graph-specific constructs.
gremlin> 100-10 ==>90 gremlin> "JanusGraph:" + " The Rise of Big Graph Data" ==>JanusGraph: The Rise of Big Graph Data gremlin> [name:'aurelius', vocation:['philosopher', 'emperor']] ==>name=aurelius ==>vocation=[philosopher, emperor]
![[Tip]](images/icons/tip.png){kind=icon} | Tip |
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Refer to Apache TinkerPop, SQL2Gremlin, and Gremlin Recipes for more information about using Gremlin. |
The example below will open a JanusGraph graph instance and load The Graph of the Gods dataset diagrammed above. JanusGraphFactory provides a set of static open methods, each of which takes a configuration as its argument and returns a graph instance. This tutorial calls one of these open methods on a configuration that uses the BerkeleyDB storage backend and the Elasticsearch index backend, then loads The Graph of the Gods using the helper class GraphOfTheGodsFactory. This section skips over the configuration details, but additional information about storage backends, index backends, and their configuration are available in Part III, “Storage Backends”, Part IV, “Index Backends”, and Chapter 15, Configuration Reference.
gremlin> graph = JanusGraphFactory.open('conf/janusgraph-berkeleyje-es.properties') ==>standardjanusgraph[berkeleyje:../db/berkeley] gremlin> GraphOfTheGodsFactory.load(graph) ==>null gremlin> g = graph.traversal() ==>graphtraversalsource[standardjanusgraph[berkeleyje:../db/berkeley], standard]
The JanusGraphFactory.open() and GraphOfTheGodsFactory.load() methods do the following to the newly constructed graph prior to returning it:
- Creates a collection of global and vertex-centric indices on the graph.
- Adds all the vertices to the graph along with their properties.
- Adds all the edges to the graph along with their properties.
Please see the GraphOfTheGodsFactory source code for details.
For those using JanusGraph/Cassandra (or JanusGraph/HBase), be sure to make use of conf/janusgraph-cql-es.properties (or conf/janusgraph-hbase-es.properties) and GraphOfTheGodsFactory.load().
gremlin> graph = JanusGraphFactory.open('conf/janusgraph-cql-es.properties') ==>standardjanusgraph[cql:[127.0.0.1]] gremlin> GraphOfTheGodsFactory.load(graph) ==>null gremlin> g = graph.traversal() ==>graphtraversalsource[standardjanusgraph[cql:[127.0.0.1]], standard]
You may also use the conf/janusgraph-cql.properties, conf/janusgraph-berkeleyje.properties, or conf/janusgraph-hbase.properties configuration files to open a graph without an indexing backend configured. In such cases, you will need to use the GraphOfTheGodsFactory.loadWithoutMixedIndex() method to load the Graph of the Gods so that it doesn’t attempt to make use of an indexing backend.
gremlin> graph = JanusGraphFactory.open('conf/janusgraph-cql.properties') ==>standardjanusgraph[cql:[127.0.0.1]] gremlin> GraphOfTheGodsFactory.loadWithoutMixedIndex(graph, true) ==>null gremlin> g = graph.traversal() ==>graphtraversalsource[standardjanusgraph[cql:[127.0.0.1]], standard]
The typical pattern for accessing data in a graph database is to first locate the entry point into the graph using a graph index. That entry point is an element (or set of elements) — i.e. a vertex or edge. From the entry elements, a Gremlin path description describes how to traverse to other elements in the graph via the explicit graph structure.
Given that there is a unique index on name property, the Saturn vertex can be retrieved. The property map (i.e. the key/value pairs of Saturn) can then be examined. As demonstrated, the Saturn vertex has a name of "saturn, " an age of 10000, and a type of "titan." The grandchild of Saturn can be retrieved with a traversal that expresses: "Who is Saturn’s grandchild?" (the inverse of "father" is "child"). The result is Hercules.
gremlin> saturn = g.V().has('name', 'saturn').next() ==>v[256] gremlin> g.V(saturn).valueMap() ==>[name:[saturn], age:[10000]] gremlin> g.V(saturn).in('father').in('father').values('name') ==>hercules
The property place is also in a graph index. The property place is an edge property. Therefore, JanusGraph can index edges in a graph index. It is possible to query The Graph of the Gods for all events that have happened within 50 kilometers of Athens (latitude:37.97 and long:23.72). Then, given that information, which vertices were involved in those events.
gremlin> g.E().has('place', geoWithin(Geoshape.circle(37.97, 23.72, 50))) ==>e[a9x-co8-9hx-39s][16424-battled->4240] ==>e[9vp-co8-9hx-9ns][16424-battled->12520] gremlin> g.E().has('place', geoWithin(Geoshape.circle(37.97, 23.72, 50))).as('source').inV().as('god2').select('source').outV().as('god1').select('god1', 'god2').by('name') ==>[god1:hercules, god2:hydra] ==>[god1:hercules, god2:nemean]
Graph indices are one type of index structure in JanusGraph. Graph indices are automatically chosen by JanusGraph to answer which ask for all vertices (g.V) or all edges (g.E) that satisfy one or multiple constraints (e.g. has or interval). The second aspect of indexing in JanusGraph is known as vertex-centric indices. Vertex-centric indices are utilized to speed up traversals inside the graph. Vertex-centric indices are described later.
Hercules, son of Jupiter and Alcmene, bore super human strength. Hercules was a Demigod because his father was a god and his mother was a human. Juno, wife of Jupiter, was furious with Jupiter’s infidelity. In revenge, she blinded Hercules with temporary insanity and caused him to kill his wife and children. To atone for the slaying, Hercules was ordered by the Oracle of Delphi to serve Eurystheus. Eurystheus appointed Hercules to 12 labors.
In the previous section, it was demonstrated that Saturn’s grandchild was Hercules. This can be expressed using a loop. In essence, Hercules is the vertex that is 2-steps away from Saturn along the in('father') path.
gremlin> hercules = g.V(saturn).repeat(__.in('father')).times(2).next() ==>v[1536]
Hercules is a demigod. To prove that Hercules is half human and half god, his parent’s origins must be examined. It is possible to traverse from the Hercules vertex to his mother and father. Finally, it is possible to determine the type of each of them — yielding "god" and "human."
gremlin> g.V(hercules).out('father', 'mother') ==>v[1024] ==>v[1792] gremlin> g.V(hercules).out('father', 'mother').values('name') ==>jupiter ==>alcmene gremlin> g.V(hercules).out('father', 'mother').label() ==>god ==>human gremlin> hercules.label() ==>demigod
The examples thus far have been with respect to the genetic lines of the various actors in the Roman pantheon. The Property Graph Model is expressive enough to represent multiple types of things and relationships. In this way, The Graph of the Gods also identifies Hercules' various heroic exploits --- his famous 12 labors. In the previous section, it was discovered that Hercules was involved in two battles near Athens. It is possible to explore these events by traversing battled edges out of the Hercules vertex.
gremlin> g.V(hercules).out('battled') ==>v[2304] ==>v[2560] ==>v[2816] gremlin> g.V(hercules).out('battled').valueMap() ==>[name:[nemean]] ==>[name:[hydra]] ==>[name:[cerberus]] gremlin> g.V(hercules).outE('battled').has('time', gt(1)).inV().values('name') ==>cerberus ==>hydra
The edge property time on battled edges is indexed by the vertex-centric indices of a vertex. Retrieving battled edges incident to Hercules according to a constraint/filter on time is faster than doing a linear scan of all edges and filtering (typically O(log n), where n is the number incident edges). JanusGraph is intelligent enough to use vertex-centric indices when available. A toString() of a Gremlin expression shows a decomposition into individual steps.
gremlin> g.V(hercules).outE('battled').has('time', gt(1)).inV().values('name').toString() ==>[GraphStep([v[24744]],vertex), VertexStep(OUT,[battled],edge), HasStep([time.gt(1)]), EdgeVertexStep(IN), PropertiesStep([name],value)]
In the depths of Tartarus lives Pluto. His relationship with Hercules was strained by the fact that Hercules battled his pet, Cerberus. However, Hercules is his nephew — how should he make Hercules pay for his insolence?
The Gremlin traversals below provide more examples over The Graph of the Gods. The explanation of each traversal is provided in the prior line as a // comment.
gremlin> pluto = g.V().has('name', 'pluto').next() ==>v[2048] gremlin> // who are pluto's cohabitants? gremlin> g.V(pluto).out('lives').in('lives').values('name') ==>pluto ==>cerberus gremlin> // pluto can't be his own cohabitant gremlin> g.V(pluto).out('lives').in('lives').where(is(neq(pluto))).values('name') ==>cerberus gremlin> g.V(pluto).as('x').out('lives').in('lives').where(neq('x')).values('name') ==>cerberus
gremlin> // where do pluto's brothers live? gremlin> g.V(pluto).out('brother').out('lives').values('name') ==>sky ==>sea gremlin> // which brother lives in which place? gremlin> g.V(pluto).out('brother').as('god').out('lives').as('place').select('god', 'place') ==>[god:v[1024], place:v[512]] ==>[god:v[1280], place:v[768]] gremlin> // what is the name of the brother and the name of the place? gremlin> g.V(pluto).out('brother').as('god').out('lives').as('place').select('god', 'place').by('name') ==>[god:jupiter, place:sky] ==>[god:neptune, place:sea]
Finally, Pluto lives in Tartarus because he shows no concern for death. His brothers, on the other hand, chose their locations based upon their love for certain qualities of those locations.
gremlin> g.V(pluto).outE('lives').values('reason') ==>no fear of death gremlin> g.E().has('reason', textContains('loves')) ==>e[6xs-sg-m51-e8][1024-lives->512] ==>e[70g-zk-m51-lc][1280-lives->768] gremlin> g.E().has('reason', textContains('loves')).as('source').values('reason').as('reason').select('source').outV().values('name').as('god').select('source').inV().values('name').as('thing').select('god', 'reason', 'thing') ==>[god:neptune, reason:loves waves, thing:sea] ==>[god:jupiter, reason:loves fresh breezes, thing:sky]